Systems | Development | Analytics | API | Testing

If you use the Internet, you have surely come across the term Markdown. Markdown is a lightweight markup language that makes it very easy to write formatted content. It was created by John Gruber and Aaron Swartz in 2004. It uses very easy-to-remember syntax and is therefore used by many bloggers and content writers around the world. Even this blog that you are reading is written and formatted using Markdown.

FastAPI has become one of the most popular web frameworks among Python developers. It's so popular that it often overshadows the technologies it's built on. FastAPI is built on Starlette and Pydantic. Starlette handles the HTTP layer (routing, middleware, WebSockets, the ASGI plumbing) and Pydantic handles data validation. FastAPI is the layer on top that ties them together with type-driven parameter parsing, dependency injection, and automatic OpenAPI documentation.

Every Next.js application has to deal with errors, whether it's a failed API call, invalid user input, or a bug that slips into production. The App Router gives you built-in tools to handle each of these cases differently, keeping your UI intact and your users informed.

The Next.js vs React question is not really a comparison between two competing tools — Next.js is built on top of React. React itself is a UI rendering JavaScript library used for building user interfaces across platforms, including web applications and mobile apps with React Native, while Next.js is a framework that wraps React and makes concrete decisions about routing, data fetching, and server-side concerns.

It happens to all of us. As software projects grow, parts of the production code we ship end up without a comprehensive test suite. When you take another look at the same area of code after a few months, it may be difficult to understand; even worse, there might be a bug, and we don't know where to begin fixing it. Modifying production code without tests is a major challenge.

Python is a robust and powerful programming language. In addition to machine learning, Python can be used for tasks such as web scraping, image processing, scientific computing, and much more. A framework such as Django, which is built on top of Python, enables you to build beautiful web applications—top websites such as Dropbox, Instagram, and YouTube use Django.

Errors in Python are issues in a program that cause incorrect results or prevent proper execution. Some Python errors are loud and obvious, and your code barely gets started before it throws an error that tells you exactly what went wrong. Other errors are more subtle, allowing your Python program to run without complaints while silently producing incorrect results that only become apparent later.

Django is well known for being used to develop servers for HTTP connections and requests for applications. Unfortunately, when building Django chat app or any chat app that requires the connection to remain open for a two-way connection, using an HTTP connection is inefficient. WebSockets provide a means of opening a two-way connection between the client and the server so that all users connected to the open network can get related data in real time.

Heroku's logging system is your primary window into application behavior, but its ephemeral nature and streaming architecture can feel mysterious at first. This guide walks through everything developers need to know about Heroku logs, from understanding what they are and how to access them, to working around their limitations and forwarding them to external services like Honeybadger Insights for complete observability. Read on to master Heroku logging.